Annotating Video Intervals

ABSTRACT

A system and method is provided for managing and displaying annotations in online hosted videos. To determine related annotations associated with a video, a plurality of annotations for one or more intervals of the video are collected and organized into a plurality of groups. Each group includes annotations for intervals of the video that are similar to each other. A group having related annotations is identified, and an annotated clip of the video is formed based upon the intervals in the group. This process can be used to determine any number of groups in a given video having related annotations, forming the respective annotated intervals within a single video, and can also identify and organize annotated intervals within a large number of different videos.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The disclosed embodiments relate generally to the management and displayof annotations for video intervals.

BACKGROUND

The proliferation of video sharing through video hosting websitesprovides numerous opportunities to collaborate and experience videos inonline communities. Video hosting websites allow users to upload, view,comment on and rate videos. Users browsing a video hosting website canlocate videos of interest by, for example, searching for videos,browsing directories, or sorting by ratings.

Comments provide a way to complement video with useful information.Comments can be of various data types, including text, audio, graphics,or other forms. However, comments have been used to provide informationabout an entire video, rather than a specific portion. If a user wantsto direct others to a specific portion of the video, the user has toenter the time offset for that point in the comments, such as “see stuntat 1:48.” Other users would then have to traverse through the subjectvideo to the 1 minute, 48 second mark and then view from there tounderstand the comment.

In addition, the content contained in comments may be unreliable.Difficulty arises in ascertaining the trustworthiness of the author ofthe comments. Also, a large number of comments may hinder understandingof the information to be conveyed through such comments. Moreover, it isdifficult to know which comments associated with a video are related.For example, unless all of the comments are associated with theidentical time-elapsed place in the video, there is uncertainty as towhether the comments refer to the same portion of a video.

Further, users may want to create their own comments to highlightcertain aspects of video. Personalized comments may raise securityconcerns, and challenges in determining how and with whom such bookmarksshould be shared. In addition, if personalized comments are examined inisolation, they provide only minimal meaning to related groups of usersthat also have comments. Such personalized comments are also difficultto retrieve and locate by both the user and those persons with whom thecomments have been shared.

SUMMARY

The present invention includes systems and methods for managingannotations in videos in a video hosting website. Users submitannotations of intervals within various videos stored in a video hostingwebsite. For example, annotations can be associated with spatialportions of a video frame, with a particular moment in a video, or ascene of a video. For any given video, there may be a large number ofannotations, each associated with some interval of video. Theseintervals may overlap. Thus it is desirable to organize the annotationsfor one or more intervals of the video into groups, and then determine aclip of the video to associate with the group of annotations. Each groupincludes annotations for intervals of the video, where the intervals aresimilar to each other. A group having related annotations is identified,and an annotated clip of the video is formed based upon the intervals inthe group. This process can be expanded to determine any number ofgroups in a given video having related annotations as desired, formingthe respective annotated intervals within a single video, and can alsoidentify and organize annotated intervals within a large number ofdifferent videos.

A synoptic annotation can be determined based on the relatedannotations. For instance, a synoptic annotation can include a summaryof the content of related annotations or excerpts from the relatedannotations.

Groups can be formed in a variety of ways. For example, annotations canbe clustered into groups based on a timestamp associated with eachannotation. Also, annotations can be clustered based on the start timesand the end times of the intervals associated with the annotations.Groups can be associated with identified scenes or features in thevideo. In addition, groups can be formed based on a determination of themaximum number of indications of annotated clips that can be visuallydistinguished on a timeline corresponding to the video. The amount oftime between intervals can also be taken into account in forming thegroups.

The content of the annotations can be considered to determine a grouphaving related annotations; for example, a group may be formed fromannotations all having one or more keywords in common. Annotations canalso be examined to identify annotations containing a search query termin one or many videos.

A computer system manages annotations associated with a video via anumber of server modules. An extraction module extracts a plurality ofannotations associated with one or more intervals of the video. Thegrouping module forms a plurality of groups, each including annotationsfor similar intervals of the video. The annotation determination moduledetermines a group having related annotations, and the annotated clipgeneration module forms an annotated clip of the video based upon theintervals in the group.

The features and advantages described in this summary and the followingdetailed description are not all-inclusive. Many additional features andadvantages will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art in viewof the drawings, specification, and claims presented herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a system architecture for managingannotations in online hosted videos in accordance with one embodiment ofthe present invention.

FIG. 2 illustrates a method for managing annotations in online hostedvideos in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 illustrates a user interface for entering annotations forintervals of video in accordance with one embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 4 illustrates a user interface for entering annotations forintervals of video in accordance with one embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 5 illustrates a user interface for managing annotations forintervals of video in accordance with one embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 6 illustrates frames of a video, and the indexing of annotations toone or more frames.

FIG. 7( a) illustrates a user interface for viewing, creating, andediting annotations.

FIG. 7( b) illustrates a user interface for creating a new annotation.

FIG. 8 illustrates a user interface for entering annotations forintervals of video and viewing annotated clips of video in accordancewith one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 9 illustrates a user interface for viewing annotated clips of videoin accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 10 illustrates a method for determining which annotations todisplay.

The figures depict various embodiments of the present invention forpurposes of illustration only. One skilled in the art will readilyrecognize from the following discussion that alternative embodiments ofthe structures and methods illustrated herein may be employed withoutdeparting from the principles of the invention described herein.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a system architecture in accordance withone embodiment. As illustrated in FIG. 1, a video hosting website 108includes a front end server 124, a video server 126, a network interface122, an extraction module 110, a grouping module 112, an annotationdetermination module 114, a clip generation module 116, a synopticannotation module 117, a display module 118, a ranking module 120, avideo database 128, a video access log 129, and a user database 140.Other conventional features, such as firewalls, load balancers,application servers, failover servers, site management tools, and soforth are not shown so as to more clearly illustrate the features of thesystem. Examples of a suitable website 108 for implementation of thesystem include the YouTube™ and Google Video™ websites; other videohosting sites are known as well, and can be adapted to operate accordingto the teachings disclosed herein. It will be understood that the term“website” represents any system and method of providing content and isnot intended to be limited to systems that support content provided viathe Internet or the HTTP protocol. The various servers areconventionally implemented, whether as a single piece of software orhardware or as multiple pieces of software or hardware and can couple tothe network 105 via the network interface 122. In general, functionsdescribed in one embodiment as being performed on the server side canalso be performed on the client side in other embodiments ifappropriate.

A client 130 executes a browser 132, and connects to the front endserver 124 via a network 105, which is typically the Internet, but mayalso be any network, including but not limited to a LAN, a MAN, a WAN, amobile, wired or wireless network, a private network, or a virtualprivate network. While only a single client 130 and browser 132 areshown, it is understood that very large numbers (e.g., millions) ofclients are supported and can be in communication with the website 108at any time. The client 130 may include a variety of different computingdevices. Examples of client devices 130 are personal computers, digitalassistants, personal digital assistants, cellular phones, mobile phones,smart phones or laptop computers. As will be obvious to one of ordinaryskill in the art, the present invention is not limited to the deviceslisted above.

A user views, authors, and edits annotations using a client 130. Anannotation includes annotation content, which is any data which canusefully supplement a media file. For example, annotation content caninclude an audio or textual commentary, metadata, translation,advertisement or summary, rating on a predetermined scale (1-5 stars),or a command for how the media file should be displayed. An annotationcan optionally include a spatial definition, which specifies the area ofthe frame with which an annotation is associated. An annotation can alsoinclude video content. The clients 130 include software and hardware fordisplaying video.

For example, a client 130 can be implemented as a television, a personalcomputer, a digital video recorder (DVR), a personal digital assistant(PDA), a cellular telephone, or another device having or connected to adisplay device; software includes any video player adapted to decodevideo files, such as MPEG-2, MPEG-4, QuickTime, VCD, or any othercurrent or future video format. Other examples of clients will beapparent to one of skill in the art without departing from the scope ofthe present invention. Examples of a graphical user interface used bythe client 130 according to one embodiment is described herein withreferences to FIGS. 3, 4, 7(a) and 7(b).

In some embodiments, the browser 132 includes an embedded video player134 such as, for example, the Flash™ player from Adobe Systems, Inc. orany other player adapted for the video file formats used in the videohosting website 108. A user can access a video from the video hostingwebsite 108 by browsing a catalog of videos, conducting searches onkeywords, reviewing play lists from other users or the systemadministrator (e.g., collections of videos forming channels), or viewingvideos associated with particular user group (e.g., communities).

Video server 126 receives uploaded media content from content providersand allows content to be viewed by client 130. Content may be uploadedto video server 126 via the Internet from a personal computer, through acellular network from a telephone or PDA, or by other means fortransferring data over network 105 known to those of ordinary skill inthe art. Content may be downloaded from video server 126 in a similarmanner; in one embodiment media content is provided as a file downloadto a client 130; in an alternative embodiment, media content is streamedto client 130. The means by which media content is received by videoserver 126 need not match the means by which it is delivered to client130. For example, a content provider may upload a video via a browser ona personal computer, whereas client 130 may view that video as a streamsent to a PDA. Note also that video server 126 may itself serve as thecontent provider.

Users of clients 130 can also search for videos based on keywords, tagsor other metadata. These requests are received as queries by the frontend server 124 and provided to the video server 126, which isresponsible for searching the video database 128 for videos that satisfythe user queries. The video server 126 supports searching on any fieldeddata for a video, including its title, description, tags, author,category and so forth. Responsive to a request from a client 130 for anannotation associated with a particular media file, the video server 126sends one or more annotations associated with the media file to theclient 130 through the network 105. Responsive to a submission by theclient 130 of one or more annotations associated with a media file, thevideo server 126 stores the one or more annotations in association withthe media file in user database 140.

Information about received annotations is stored in the user database140. The user database 140 is responsible for maintaining a record ofall users viewing videos on the website. Each individual user isassigned a user ID. The user ID can be based on any identifyinginformation, such as the user's IP address, user name, or the like. Theuser database may also contain information about the reputation of theuser in both the video context, as well as through other applications,such as the use of email or text messaging.

Users of the clients 130 and browser 132 can upload content to the videohosting website 108 via network 105. The uploaded content can include,for example, video, audio or a combination of video and audio. Theuploaded content is processed and stored in the video database 128. Thisprocessing can include format conversion (transcoding), compression,metadata tagging, and other data processing. An uploaded content file isassociated with the uploading user, and so the user's account record isupdated in the user database 140 as needed.

For purposes of convenience and the description of one embodiment, theuploaded content will be referred to a “videos”, “video files”, or“video items”, but no limitation on the types of content that can beuploaded are intended by this terminology. Each uploaded video isassigned a video identifier when it is processed.

The video database 128 is used to store the received videos. The videodatabase 128 stores video content and associated metadata, provided bytheir respective content owners. The video files have metadataassociated with each file such as a video ID, artist, video title,label, genre, and time length.

A video access log 129 within video database 128 stores each instance ofvideo access. Annotations can be submitted by clicking on an indicatoror on a portion of a time line associated with the video. Users may alsoclick and drag on the time line to specify an annotation for a longerinterval of video. Users may also submit annotations via a digital videorecorder (DVR) or with a device providing similar functionality, such asby using a remote control configured to allow entry of annotationsthrough a user interface associated with the device. Each entry in theaccess log 129 identifies a video being accessed, a time of access, anIP address of the user, a user ID if available, cookies, search queries,data identifying the type of interaction with the video, and the time ofevery interaction with the video. Interaction types can include any userinteractions in the user interface of the website 108, such as playing,pausing, rewinding, forwarding and submitting annotations or ratings fora video.

Turning now to FIG. 3, an example of a web page providing a userinterface for entering annotations and viewing media content from videoserver 126 by client 130 is depicted. The web page includes a video 300,and may include information about the video, such as the name or user IDof the content provider, the date the video was uploaded, etc. (notshown). The web page also contains a timeline 302, which corresponds tothe video 300. The marker 308 on timeline 302 indicates the concurrentposition of the video 300 being displayed. The web page also has asearch box 304 to allow for searching the content of the annotations.

Users can submit an annotation for an interval of video in various ways.For example, users can click the “B” button 306 when they view aninterval of video on which they wish to provide an annotation. Users canalso click and hold the “B” button 306 to indicate an interval longerthan one click. As another option, users can click the “B” button 306 tomark the start time of an interval and click the “B” button 306 again toindicate the end of an interval for which they are providing anannotation. The depiction in FIG. 3 is one example of a user interfacefor receiving annotations for video intervals.

Another example of a user interface for receiving annotations for videointervals is depicted in FIG. 4. By positioning cursor 420 over the “B”button 416, pop-up window 410 is displayed. This window allows a user toenter text in textbox 412 to create an annotation. In addition, the usermay click on the “Public” button 402 to indicate that the entered textmay be searched and viewed publicly. As will be discussed in more detailwith reference to FIG. 6, annotations can also be associated withspatial locations in a video frame.

FIG. 5 illustrates another user interface for managing annotations forintervals of video in accordance with one embodiment of the presentinvention. After cursor 510 is used to indicate selection of the “B”button, a window 520 is displayed, permitting a user to delete or importa bookmark annotation. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognizethat other user interfaces could be used in accordance with the presentinvention.

The modules 110-120 of FIG. 1 can be used to carry out the methoddepicted in FIG. 2. Extraction module 110 extracts received annotationevents 210 from the video access log 129. An interval may be a specificmoment in a video (such as 2 minutes, 3 seconds), or it may be a rangeof time (from 2 minutes, 3 seconds until 2 minutes, 45 seconds). Theuser information associated with the annotations can include, forexample, a time the annotation was received, a timestamp associated witheach annotation, a start time and an end time of the intervalsassociated with the annotations, and a reputation score for the usersubmitting the annotation. The user information can be stored in userdatabase 140. Extraction module 110 extracts annotations and sorts themby video ID and time stamp to form annotation blocks. Each block ofannotations is associated with a video, and sorted by time stamp.

The grouping module 112 forms 220 groups containing annotations forsimilar intervals of the video. The groups of annotations within a blockof annotations may be formed by a variety of methods. For example, thegrouping module 112 forms a plurality of groups by clusteringannotations based on a timestamp associated with each annotation. If theannotations have timestamps within a specified time limit of each other,the grouping module determines that they relate to similar intervals ofvideo and are clustered. For example, annotations that have a timestampwithin 5 seconds of each other are determined to refer to similarintervals. For example, some users may timestamp an action at itsbeginning, some at its climax and some immediately after it finishes.Using this technique, these annotations would be grouped together.

In another embodiment, the annotations are clustered based on the starttimes and the end times of the intervals. For example, if there issufficient overlap (e.g. 25%) between intervals (bounded by the starttimes and the end times of the intervals with which the annotations areassociated), the grouping module 112 determines that the annotationsrelate to similar intervals of the video. This allows for annotations tobe grouped even where the intervals to which they are associated are notidentical.

Various methods for clustering the annotations may be used. Someexamples of well-known clustering methods include k-means or k-centerclustering.

In another embodiment, the grouping module 112 forms 220 groups bydetermining an amount of time between the intervals with which theannotations are associated. If a sufficient amount of time existsbetween intervals (for example, 30 seconds), grouping module 112 forms anew group for the annotations associated with the intervals. Forinstance, if only 5 seconds exists between two intervals in question ina 10 minute video, grouping module could decline to form new group forthe intervals.

Another way grouping module 112 forms 220 groups is by identifying aplurality of scenes or features in a video and associating each groupwith one or more scenes or features.

A feature is a succinct representation of the content of one or moreframes of video that are similar. For example, the grouping module 112may group the frames into logical units, such as scenes or shots. Thegrouping module 112 may use scene detection algorithms to group theframes automatically. One scene detection algorithm is described inNaphade, M. R., et al., “A High-Performance Shot Boundary DetectionAlgorithm Using Multiple Cues”, 1998 International Conference on ImageProcessing (Oct. 4-7, 1998), vol. 1, pp. 884-887, which is incorporatedby reference herein, though there are many scene detection algorithmsknown in the art that can be used equally as well.

Thus, the grouping module 112 can compute one feature set for all framesthat belong to the same scene. The feature can be, for example, adescription of a characteristic in the time, spatial, or frequencydomains. For example, annotations can be associated with a specificframe, and can describe that frame by its time, position, and frequencydomain characteristics. The grouping module 112 can use any techniquefor determining features of video, such as those described in Zabih, R.,Miller, J., and Mai, K., “Feature-Based Algorithms for Detecting andClassifying Scene Breaks”, Proc. ACM Multimedia 95, San Francisco,Calif. (November 1993), pp. 189-200; Arman, F., Hsu, A., and Chiu, M-Y.,“Image Processing on Encoded Video Sequences”, Multimedia Systems(1994), vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 211-219; Ford, R. M., et al., “Metrics forShot Boundary Detection in Digital Video Sequences”, Multimedia Systems(2000), vol. 8, pp. 37-46, all of the foregoing being incorporated byreference herein. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognizevarious techniques for determining features of video.

In another embodiment, the grouping module 112 forms 220 groups bydetermining a maximum number of indications of annotated clips that canbe visually distinguished on a timeline corresponding to the video. Forexample, a long video may have a large number of annotations associatedwith a variety of intervals. Indications of annotated clips might bedifficult to visually distinguish on the timeline due to limitation onthe image size and resolution. In some circumstances, more groups may beneeded for a longer video than for a shorter video. In light of thedifficulty of visually distinguishing large numbers of indications ofannotated clips on a timeline, grouping module 112 can set a maximumamount of groups that it will form based on this visual indication.Thus, even though there may be more than, for example, 10 annotatedclips, grouping module 112 may limit the indications displayed to the 10most annotated clips in a given video. In addition, grouping module 112can also limit an action-packed short video to a maximum number ofannotated clips to ease visual distinction of the indications on a timeline as well.

For a given video, the annotation determination module 114 determines230 a group having related annotations in a variety of ways. One ofordinary skill will recognize that the grouping of annotations can beexecuted using various information retrieval techniques, such asstemming, expansion with related words, vector analysis, and sub-stringsimilarity, as well as natural language process/computational linguisticmethods. For example, annotation determination module 114 determines thefirst group of related annotations based at least in part on acomparison of the content within each annotation. Thus, the same orsimilar words within different annotations can be used to determine thatthe annotations are related within a group (e.g. annotations with thewords “New York City” and “New York” would be related because theycontain the same first eight characters).

In another example, annotation determination module 114 assigns a weightto each annotation based on whether the annotation was provided by aunique user and determines the group based on the assigned weights ofthe annotations. Thus, the group may be determined to have relatedannotations based on the weight assigned to each annotation (e.g.annotations submitted by the same user have a lesser weight, and aretherefore considered less likely to be related for the determination ofa group).

Annotation determination module 114 may also assign a weight to eachannotation based on the reputation score associated with the annotation.An annotation may be associated with a reputation score, for example,based on whether the annotation was submitted by a new or unrecognizeduser, the usefulness of the annotations previously submitted by theuser, the number of annotations by the user that are approved by others,or other information about the user within user database 140.

The clip generation module 116 is adapted to form 240 a clip of a videobased on the intervals in a given group. There are various ways to formclips. In one embodiment, the clip generation module 116 examines onlythe start time of the intervals that have received annotations. Thus,all of the considered intervals will start at some time instant withinthe video and continue to the end of the video. Alternatively, clipgeneration module 116 may consider both start and end times forintervals that have received annotations. Clip generation module 116 canthen use these times to determine the earliest (or latest) point of anyinterval in the group, optionally may round these times to the start ofthe scene just before (or after) it.

In another embodiment, clip generation module 116 projects thecontribution of each of the intervals in the group on a time line, suchas by adding the weight of the annotations for each interval, or thelogarithm of the number of annotations for each time instant. The clipgeneration module 116 then fits a probabilistic model to thedistribution (e.g., Gaussian distribution) by standard statisticalmethods, and then selects the mean as the center. The clip generationmodule 116 can then select a certain number (e.g., three) of standarddeviations to either side of the mean, providing that the start and endtimes are rounded to the scene boundaries.

In another embodiment, the clip generation module 116 examines traffictraces to determine how much each instant of the video was watched bydifferent users, which may include those who have not submitted anyannotations. This information can also be used in conjunction with theabove methods to determine where a clip should begin and end. In oneembodiment, the instances of video that have received the most trafficwithin a given time period are considered to be part of the same clipand are used in determining the length of the clip.

For example, assume a 3:00 minute video depicts an actor on a motorcycleperforming a stunt, such as jumping over a shark in the water, with theapex of the jump taking place at 2:00. One annotation might be for aninterval from two seconds prior to and two seconds after the jump (e.g.1:58-2:02); another annotation might be for the apex of the jump (e.g.2:00); a third annotation might be for the interval lasting from beforethe jump until after the motorcycle has safely landed (e.g. 1:50-2:10).Based on these intervals, clip generation module 116 forms the annotatedclip (e.g. 1:54-2:06). In this example, clip generation module 116 formsthe annotated clip by averaging the time within the intervals associatedwith the three annotations.

Synoptic annotation module 117 forms a synoptic annotation for the firstannotated clip of video based on the related annotations in the firstgroup. In one embodiment, synoptic annotation module 117 creates asynoptic annotation by summarizing the content of the relatedannotations in the first group. One of ordinary skill will recognizethat a summary of annotations can be executed using various techniquessuch as concatenating the annotations or using “snippet” generationmethods, as in web search interfaces. Another technique for summarizingannotations is using string similarity, such as various edit distancesbetween strings to determine the 1-center (the annotation that has theminimum of the maximum distance to all the other annotations). Inanother embodiment, a summary annotation could be created based oncommon subsequence analysis (as in Computational Biology where genomicsequences are analyzed).

In one example, synoptic annotation module 117 creates a synopticannotation by providing excerpts of the related annotations. As anexample, suppose three annotations are submitted: (1) “Fonzie jumps theshark” (2) “Fonz takes off” and (3) “Shorts and a leather jacket: thatis jumping the shark.” A synoptic annotation that summarizes the contentof the three annotations might read: “Fonz, in shorts and a leatherjacket, takes off and jumps the shark.” A synoptic annotation thatexcerpts the related annotations might read: “Fonzie jumps the shark . .. takes off . . . shorts and a leather jacket.”

The ranking module 120 ranks annotated clips based on the number ofannotations in each group. The ranking module 120 also ranks annotatedclips across multiple videos. As can be appreciated, the various modulescan determine the number of annotations for each clip in any number ofvideos to identify the most annotated clips overall.

The ranking module 120 can be used in conjunction with video searchingas well, such that videos that are determined to be responsive to asearch query can be ranked based on the annotations for groups for eachresponsive video. In one embodiment, the ranking module 120 determinesthe rank of the videos based on the number of annotations for the mostannotated interval in each video (e.g., the highest ranked video wouldbe the video containing a clip that received the highest number ofannotations). In another embodiment, the ranking module 120 determinesthe rank of the videos based on the total number of annotations receivedfor all groups within each video (e.g. the highest ranked video would bethe video that received the most annotations across all clips withinthat video).

The display module 118 provides for the display of an indication ofannotated clips on a timeline associated with the videos. This allows auser to efficiently understand and access the annotated clips in one ormore videos. The display module 118 can also create an annotatedhighlights segment or trailer of a given video by forming an annotatedexcerpt of a video that includes a first annotated clip and a secondannotated clip and displaying the annotated excerpt.

The video database 128 stores lists of the videos with annotated clips.The lists may be grouped by genre, rating, or any other property. Thelists of related videos are updated hourly, in one example, byperforming an analysis of annotation activity from user database 140.Once the lists of the most annotated clips have been generated, thevideo server 126 extracts the videos from the video database 128 basedon the lists, as well as the annotations from user database 140, andprovides the annotated videos to users for viewing.

In FIG. 3, clients submitted numerous annotations 310A-310E, which aredepicted on timeline 302. As will be discussed with respect to FIG. 8,annotations 310A-310E (with other annotations, not shown) have been usedto form annotated clips of video. For example, annotations 310A and 310Bhave been used (with other annotations, not shown) to form an annotatedclip indicated by the reference numeral 810; annotations 310C-310D havebeen used to form an annotated clip indicated by reference numeral 820;annotation 310E has been used to form an notated clip indicated byreference numeral 830.

Referring now to FIG. 6, there is shown a conceptual diagramillustrating how annotations are associated temporally and/or spatiallywith a video file and one or more frames of thereof. FIG. 6 shows aseries of video frames, running from frame 600 to frame 651. The client130 displays these frames, and can also pause, rewind, fast-forward,skip, or otherwise adjust the order or speed with which the frames aredisplayed.

For the purposes of illustration, this discussion refers to a video asbeing composed of frames. Video is sometimes stored or transmitted asblocks of frames, fields, macroblocks, or in sections of incompleteframes. When reference is made herein to video being composed of frames,it should be understood that during intermediate steps video may in factbe stored as any one of various other forms. The term “frame” is usedherein for the sake of clarity, and is not limiting to any particularformat or convention for the storage or display of video.

Some of the frames have annotations associated with them as provided bya particular user. In the example illustrated, frame 601 is drawn ingreater to detail to illustrate some of its associated annotations. Asshown in the figure, annotations can be associated with a particularspatial location of a frame, or they can be associated with an entireframe. For example, annotation 1 is associated with a rectangular box inthe upper-left corner of frame 601. In contrast, annotation 4 isassociated with the entire frame.

Annotations can also be associated with overlapping spatial locations.For example, annotation 1 is associated with a rectangular boxoverlapping a different rectangular box associated with annotation 2. Inone embodiment, annotations can be associated with a spatial locationdefined by any closed form shape. For example, as shown in FIG. 6,annotation 3 is associated with spatial locations defined by anelliptical shape.

Annotation list 680 maintains associations between the spatialdefinition of annotations and the content of annotations. Annotation 1,associated with a rectangular box in frame 601, includes the text “VicePresident.” Annotation 1 is an example of an annotation useful forhighlighting or adding supplemental information to particular portionsof a frame. Annotation 4 is associated with the entire frame 601 andcontains the text “State of the Union.” Annotation 4 is an example of anannotation used to summarize the content of a frame. Annotation 5 isassociated with the entire frame 601 and contains some audio, which, inthis case, is a French audio translation. Annotation 5 is an example ofan annotation used to provide supplemental audio content.

Annotations can also have temporal associations with a media file or anyportion thereof. For example, an annotation can be associated with aspecific frame, or a specific range of frames. In FIG. 6, for example,annotation 2 could be associated with frame 600 to frame 651, whileannotation 5 is associated only with frame 601. The spatial definitionassociated with an annotation can also change over time. For example,annotation 1 can be associated with a first region in frame 601, andwith a second region in frame 602. Time and spatially-dependentannotation associations are particularly useful for providingsupplemental information regarding objects in motion, and canaccommodate, as in the example shown in the figure, the movement of theVice-President of the United States. The temporal associations can bedefined in terms of frame numbers, time codes, or any other indexingbasis. The illustration of the annotation list 680 as a table is notmeant to limit the underlying storage format used; any format ororganization of the annotation information may be employed includingoptimized formats that reduce storage requirements and/or increaseretrieval speed.

During playback of a media file, the client 130 is adapted to displaythe annotations associated with the frames of the file. Annotations canbe displayed, for example, as text superimposed on the video frame, asgraphics shown alongside the frame, or as audio reproducedsimultaneously with video; annotations may also appear in a separatewindow or frame proximate to the video. Annotations can also includecommands for how the media file with which they are associated is to bedisplayed. Displaying command annotations can include displaying videoas instructed by the annotation. For example, responsive to anannotation, the client 130 might skip to a different place in a video,display a portion of the video in slow motion, or jump to a differentvideo altogether.

The client 130 is capable of displaying a subset of the availableannotations. For example, a user watching the video of FIG. 6 can selectwhich annotations should be displayed by the client 130 by designationof various criteria. The user can choose to receive only certain typesof annotations (e.g. commentary, text, graphic, audio), or onlyannotations that are defined by a particular region of the display. Theuser can choose to receive only annotations in a particular language,matching a certain search criteria (such as keywords), or authored by aparticular user. As another example, when annotations are written andedited in a collaborative community of users, a user can choose toreceive only annotations authored by users with reputations above acertain threshold, or to receive only annotations with ratings above acertain threshold.

Users can also search for annotations, and retrieve associated videobased on the results of the annotation search.

Certain annotations can be given a priority that does not allow a userto prevent them from being displayed. For example, annotations caninclude advertisements, which may be configured so that no otherannotations are displayed unless the advertisement annotations are alsodisplayed. Such a configuration would prevent users from viewing certainannotations while avoiding paid advertisement annotations. In addition,certain annotations could be provided by the content provider, such as“tags” that contain brief snippets of content to facilitate navigationof the video. The distinction of a content provider's “tag” couldindicate to the user that the annotation is from a reputable source.

A method for determining which annotations to display is describedherein with reference to FIG. 10. For example, a user might only want tohave the personalized bookmark annotations she has authored displayed.Or, she might only want the bookmark annotations of a trusted group ofher friends and family to be shown.

Optionally, the client receives changes to the annotation from the user.For example, a user can edit text, re-record audio, modify metadataincluded in the annotation content, or change an annotation command. Theclient transmits the modified annotation to the video server, or,alternatively, transmits a description of the modifications the videoserver. The video server receives the modified annotation, which isstored in the user database.

For example, a user viewing the annotations shown in FIG. 6 may bedissatisfied with annotation 1. The user changes the annotation text“Vice President” to “Vice President of the United States” using an inputdevice connected to the client 130. Future display of the annotation (tothis user or possibly other users) would include the modified text “VicePresident of the United States.” As another option, a user can changethe temporal or spatial definition with which annotations or associated.For example, the astute user may recognize that the documents shown onthe right side of the frame are actually excerpts from 15 USC §§78dd-1,and that the Constitution (despite being almost completely obscured bythe position of the President) is just barely visible on the left sideof the frame. The user can change the temporal definition with whichAnnotation 3 is associated accordingly, for example, by dragging (forexample, in a direct manipulation user interface illustrating frames ofthe video) the spatial definition to a different location using an inputdevice connected to the client 130.

The annotation list 680 is shown in FIG. 6 for the purposes ofillustration as one example of how annotations and their associatedframes can be organized. The annotation list 680 is useful for managingand displaying annotations associated with a frame or range of frames,but annotations could be organized differently without departing fromthe scope of the present invention.

As also described herein with reference to FIG. 6, an annotation can beassociated with a range of frames in a video. A set of one or moreframes of video is sometimes referred to as an interval of video.

Referring now to FIG. 7( a), a user can search, create, or editannotations using a graphical user interface. In the exampleillustrated, the graphical user interface for annotations is integratedinto a video player graphical user interface 702. The video playergraphical user interface 702 is an example of an interface that might beshown on the display device of a client 130. The video player graphicaluser interface 702 includes a display area for presenting the media file(in the example illustrated, a video), as well as control buttons forselecting, playing, pausing, fast forwarding, and rewinding the mediafile. The video player graphical user interface 702 can also includeadvertisements, such as the advertisement for the National Archives andRecords Administration shown in FIG. 7( a).

The video player graphical user interface 702 presents a frame of video.Shown along with the frame of video is an annotation definition 704. Theannotation definition 704 graphically illustrates the spatial definitionand/or the temporal definition of an annotation. For example, theannotation definition 704 shown in FIG. 7( a) delineates a subset of theframe with which an annotation is associated. As another example, anannotation definition 704 can delineate a range of frames with which anannotation is associated. While a single annotation definition 704 isshown in FIG. 7( a), the video player graphical user interface 702 caninclude a plurality of annotation definitions 704 without departing fromthe scope of the invention.

The annotation definition 704 can be displayed in response to a userselection, or as part of the display of an existing annotation. Forexample, the user can use an input device to select a region of theframe with which a new annotation will be associated, and in response tothat selection the video player graphical user interface 702 displaysthe annotation definition 704 created by the user. As another example,the video player graphical user interface 702 can display video andassociated annotations, and can display the annotation definition 704 inconjunction with displaying an associated annotation.

The video player graphical user interface 702 also includes annotationcontrol buttons 706, which allow the user to control the content anddisplay of annotations. For example, the video player graphical userinterface 702 can include a button for searching annotations. Inresponse to the selection of the search annotations button, the clientsearches for annotations associated with the annotation definition 704(or a similar definition), or for annotations associated with a keyword.The results of the search can then be displayed on the video playergraphical user interface 702. As another example, the video playergraphical user interface 702 can include a button for editingannotations. In response to the selection of the edit annotationsbutton, the video player graphical user interface 702 displays one ormore annotations associated with the annotation definition 704 andallows the user to modify the one or more annotations. As yet anotherexample, the video player graphical user interface 702 can include abutton for creating a new annotation. In response to the selection ofthe create new annotation button, the video player graphical userinterface 702 displays options such as those shown in FIG. 7( b).

Referring now to FIG. 7( b), the annotation control buttons 706 indicatethat the create new annotation button has been selected. The videoplayer graphical user interface 702 includes a display area forreceiving user input of the new annotation content. In the exampleillustrated, the new annotation content includes some new annotationtext 708. As shown in FIG. 7( b), as the user enters the description“General MacArthur”, the new annotation text 708 is displayed. Inresponse to a further user selection indicating the authoring ofannotation content is complete, the new annotation is submitted, forexample, to the video server 126, and displayed in the video playergraphical user interface 702.

The entering of new annotation text 708 has been shown as an example ofthe authoring of annotation content. The video player graphical userinterface 702 can be adapted to receive other types of annotationcontent as well. For example, annotation content can include audio, andthe video player graphical user interface 702 can include a button forstarting recording of audio through a microphone, or for selecting anaudio file from a location on a storage medium. Other types ofannotations and similar methods for receiving their submission by a userwill be apparent to one of skill in the art without departing from thescope of the invention.

Turning now to FIG. 8, each of the annotated clips shown on timeline802, which corresponds to video 800, is associated with an annotatedthumbnail. For example, when cursor 840 is placed over the indicationfor annotated clip 810, annotated thumbnail 850A appears. In oneembodiment, the ranked annotated clips can also be shown in anothersection 880 of the user interface. For example, thumbnail 850Bcorresponds to the most annotated clip for video 800; thumbnail 860corresponds to the second most annotated clip; thumbnail 870 correspondsto the third most annotated clip. The indications on timeline 802 can benumbered to indicate their rank order. The user interface depicted inFIG. 8 also allows the user to submit an annotation for an interval byclicking on “B” button 806 while viewing the indications of the mostannotated clips.

In another embodiment, users can access annotated clips for videos usinga DVR or a device providing similar functionality. By using a remotecontrol or a viewing default, users of a device can access annotatedclips within a single video and across multiple videos. This would allowusers to view the highlights of a given video or set of videos (such asthe sports highlights for a given time period).

Turning now to FIG. 9, another example of the display of annotated clipsis illustrated. This user interface indicates the top annotated clipsover the course of two days. For example, the most annotated clip “1”910 for the current day is depicted as thumbnail 930, along withannotation 975. Because the interval was not available the day before,the video interval is listed as “New!” 920. Thumbnails 940 and 950depict the second and third most annotated clips from the videocontaining the most annotated clip. The second most annotated clipthumbnail 960 from a second video and third most annotated clipthumbnail 970 from a third video for the current day are also depictedbelow the most annotated clip thumbnail 930. The web page also has asearch box 990 to allow for searching the content of the annotations.

The ranked list of annotated clips for all videos is stored in the videodatabase 128. The ranked list of video clips is updated on an hourlybasis, according to one embodiment. This ensures the most up to daterelevant videos is presented to users. The ranked list may also beupdated on a daily basis. The time in which the ranked list is updatedis merely illustrative of the times in which an appropriate update cantake place and the update can occur at any suitable time set by theadministrator of the video hosting website 108.

FIG. 10 illustrates a method for determining which annotations todisplay. In one embodiment, the client 130 displays only some of thereceived annotations. The client 130 performs a method such as the oneillustrated in FIG. 10 to determine which annotations should bedisplayed and which should not.

The client 130 receives 1002 an annotation. The client determines 1004if the annotation is high-priority. A high-priority annotation isdisplayed regardless of user settings for the display of annotations.High-priority annotations can include, for example, advertisements,emergency broadcast messages, or other communications whose importancethat should supersede local user settings.

If the client 130 determines 1004 that the annotation is high-priority,the client displays 1012 the annotation. If the client 130 determines1004 that the annotation is not high-priority, the client determines1006 if annotations are enabled. Annotations can be enabled or disabled,for example, by a user selection of an annotation display mode. If theuser has selected to disable annotations, the client 130 does notdisplay 1010 the annotation. If the user has selected to enableannotations, the client 130 determines 1008 if the annotation matchesuser-defined criteria.

As described herein, the client 130 allows the user to selectannotations for display based on various criteria. In one embodiment,the user-defined criteria can be described in the request forannotation, limiting the annotations sent by the video server 126. Inanother embodiment, the user-defined criteria can be used to limit whichannotations to display once annotations have been received at the client130. User defined-criteria can specify which annotations to display, forexample, on the basis of language, annotation content, particularauthors or groups of authors, or other annotation properties.

If the client 130 determines 1008 that the annotation satisfies theuser-defined criteria, the client 130 displays 1012 the annotation. Ifthe client 130 determines 1008 that the annotation does not satisfy theuser-defined criteria, the client 130 does not display 1010 theannotation.

FIG. 10 illustrates one example of how the client 130 may determinewhich annotations to display. Other methods for arbitrating annotationpriorities established by the annotation provider and the annotationconsumer will be apparent to one of skill in the art without departingfrom the scope of the present invention.

The case of a video server and a client is but one example in which thepresent invention may be usefully employed for the management ofannotations for video. It will be apparent to one of skill in the artthat the methods described herein will have a variety of other useswithout departing from the scope of the present invention. For example,the features described herein could be used in an online community inwhich users can author, edit, review, publish, and view annotationscollaboratively. Such a community would allow for open-source styleproduction of annotations without infringing the copyright protectionsof the video with which those annotations are associated.

As an added feature, a user in such a community could also accumulate areputation, for example based on other users' review of the quality ofthat user's previous authoring or editing. A user who wants to viewannotations could have the option of ignoring annotations from userswith reputations below a certain threshold, or to search for annotationsby users with reputations of an exceedingly high caliber. As anotherexample, a user could select to view annotations only from a specificuser, or from a specific group of users.

As described herein, annotations can also include commands describinghow video should be displayed, for example, commands that instruct adisplay device to skip forward in that video, or to jump to anothervideo entirely. A user could author a string of jump-to commandannotations, effectively providing a suggestion for the combination ofvideo segments into a larger piece. As an example, command annotationscan be used to create a new movie from component parts of one or moreother movies.

The present invention has applicability to any of a variety of hostingmodels, including but not limited to peer-to-peer, distributed hosting,wiki-style hosting, centralized serving, or other known methods forsharing data over a network.

The annotation framework described herein presents the opportunity for aplurality of revenue models. As an example, the owner of the videoserver 126 can charge a fee for including advertisements in annotations.The video server 126 can target advertisement annotations to the userbased on a variety of factors. For example, the video server 126 couldselect advertisements for transmission to the client based on the titleor category of the video that the client is displaying, known factsabout the user, recent annotation search requests (such as keywordsearches), other annotations previously submitted for the video, thegeographic location of the client, or other criteria useful foreffectively targeting advertising.

Access to annotations could be provided on a subscription basis, orannotations could be sold in a package with the video content itself.For example, a user who purchases a video from an online video storemight be given permission for viewing, editing, or authoringannotations, either associated with that video or with other videos. Anonline video store might have a promotion, for example, in which thepurchase of a certain number of videos in a month gives the userprivileges on a video server 126 for that month.

These examples of revenue models have been given for the purposes ofillustration and are not limiting. Other applications and potentiallyprofitable uses will be apparent to one of skill in the art withoutdeparting from the scope of the present invention.

In addition, methods of spam control would help ensure the security ofthe sharing of the annotations.

Reference in the specification to “one embodiment” or to “an embodiment”means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic describedin connection with the embodiments is included in at least oneembodiment of the invention. The appearances of the phrase “in oneembodiment” in various places in the specification are not necessarilyall referring to the same embodiment.

It should be noted that the process steps and instructions of thepresent invention can be embodied in software, firmware or hardware, andwhen embodied in software, can be downloaded to reside on and beoperated from different platforms used by a variety of operatingsystems.

The present invention also relates to an apparatus for performing theoperations herein. This apparatus may be specially constructed for therequired purposes, or it may comprise a general-purpose computerselectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored inthe computer. Such a computer program may be stored in a computerreadable storage medium, such as, but is not limited to, any type ofdisk including floppy disks, optical disks, CD-ROMs, magnetic-opticaldisks, read-only memories (ROMs), random access memories (RAMs), EPROMs,EEPROMs, magnetic or optical cards, application specific integratedcircuits (ASICs), or any type of media suitable for storing electronicinstructions, and each coupled to a computer system bus. Furthermore,the computers referred to in the specification may include a singleprocessor or may be architectures employing multiple processor designsfor increased computing capability.

The algorithms and displays presented herein are not inherently relatedto any particular computer or other apparatus. Various general-purposesystems may also be used with programs in accordance with the teachingsherein, or it may prove convenient to construct more specializedapparatus to perform the required method steps. The required structurefor a variety of these systems will appear from the description below.In addition, the present invention is not described with reference toany particular programming language. It will be appreciated that avariety of programming languages may be used to implement the teachingsof the present invention as described herein, and any references belowto specific languages are provided for disclosure of enablement and bestmode of the present invention.

While the invention has been particularly shown and described withreference to a preferred embodiment and several alternate embodiments,it will be understood by persons skilled in the relevant art thatvarious changes in form and details can be made therein withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Finally, it should be noted that the language used in the specificationhas been principally selected for readability and instructionalpurposes, and may not have been selected to delineate or circumscribethe inventive subject matter. Accordingly, the disclosure of the presentinvention is intended to be illustrative, but not limiting, of the scopeof the invention, which is set forth in the following claims.

1. A method for managing annotations associated with a first video, themethod comprising: receiving a plurality of annotations for one or moreintervals of the first video; forming a plurality of groups, each groupincluding annotations for intervals of the first video that are similarto each other; determining a first group having related annotations; andforming a first annotated clip of the first video based upon theintervals in the first group.
 2. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising: forming a first synoptic annotation for the first annotatedclip of the first video based on the related annotations in the firstgroup.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the first synoptic annotationcontains a summary of content of the related annotations in the firstgroup.
 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the first synoptic annotationcontains excerpts of content of the related annotations in the firstgroup.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the first group of relatedannotations is determined based at least in part on a comparison ofcontent within each annotation.
 6. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising: responsive to receiving a search query term, identifying oneor more annotations containing the term.
 7. The method of claim 1,wherein forming the plurality of groups comprises clustering theannotations based on a timestamp associated with each annotation.
 8. Themethod of claim 1, wherein each interval has a start time and an endtime, and forming the plurality of groups comprises clustering theannotations based on the start times and the end times of the intervals.9. The method of claim 1, wherein forming the plurality of groupscomprises: identifying a plurality of scenes in the first video; andassociating each group with one or more scenes.
 10. The method of claim1, wherein forming the plurality of groups comprises: identifying aplurality of features in the first video; and associating each groupwith a set of one or more features in the first video.
 11. The method ofclaim 1, wherein each annotation has a reputation score associated witha user providing the annotation.
 12. The method of claim 11, furthercomprising: assigning a weight to each annotation based on thereputation score; and determining the first group having relatedannotations based on the assigned weights of the annotations.
 13. Themethod of claim 1, further comprising: assigning a weight to eachannotation based on whether the annotation was provided by a uniqueuser; and determining the first group having related annotations basedon the assigned weights of the annotations.
 14. The method of claim 1,wherein forming the plurality of groups comprises determining a maximumnumber of annotated clips permitted based on a number of indications ofannotated clips that can be visually distinguished on a timelinecorresponding to the first video.
 15. The method of claim 1, whereinforming the plurality of groups comprises determining an amount of timebetween the intervals with which the annotations are associated.
 16. Themethod of claim 1, further comprising: displaying an indication of thefirst annotated clip on a timeline associated with the first video. 17.The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining a second grouphaving related annotations; and forming a second annotated clip based onthe intervals in the second group; and ranking the first annotated clipand the second annotated clip based on the annotations in each group.18. The method of claim 17, further comprising: displaying an indicationof the first annotated clip and an indication of the second annotatedclip of the first video on a timeline associated with the first video.19. The method of claim 17, further comprising: forming an annotatedexcerpt of the first video comprising the first annotated clip and thesecond annotated clip; and displaying the annotated excerpt.
 20. Themethod of claim 1, further comprising: receiving a plurality ofannotations associated with one or more intervals of a second video;forming a plurality of groups for the second video, each group includingannotations for intervals of the second video that are similar to eachother; determining a first group for the second video having relatedannotations for a similar interval in the second video; and forming afirst annotated clip of the second video based upon the intervals in thefirst group for the second video; and ranking the first video and thesecond video based on a number of annotations associated with eachannotated clip of the first video and of the second video.
 21. Themethod of claim 20, further comprising: responsive to receiving a searchquery term, identifying one or more annotations from the first video andthe second video containing the term.
 22. The method of claim 20,further comprising: identifying annotations from the second video thathave content in common with annotations from the first video.
 23. Asystem for managing annotations associated with a video comprising: anextraction module, adapted to extract a plurality of annotationsassociated with one or more intervals of the video: a grouping module,adapted to form a plurality of groups, each group including annotationsfor intervals of the video that are similar to each other; an annotationdetermination module, adapted to determine a group having relatedannotations; and a clip generation module, adapted to form an annotatedclip of the video based upon the intervals in the group.
 24. The systemof claim 23, further comprising: a display module, adapted to display anindication of the annotated clip on a timeline associated with thevideo.
 25. A computer program product having a computer readable storagemedium and including computer executable code for managing annotationsassociated with a first video, the code adapted to perform stepscomprising: receiving a plurality of annotations for one or moreintervals of the first video; forming a plurality of groups, each groupincluding annotations for intervals of the first video that are similarto each other; determining a first group having related annotations; andforming a first annotated clip of the first video based upon theintervals in the first group.